The cell surface protein CD44 is involved in diverse physiological processes, and its aberrant function is linked to various pathologies such as cancer, immune dysregulation, and fibrosis.
When the influenza virus infects cells, the HA protein is adsorbed on the receptor of the cell surface, but it is known that the receptor is different in birds and mammals.
This approach is especially relevant to proteins exposed on the cell surface(see figure 1.), so first identify whether your target is situated here or not by simply adding the antibody to the culture medium.
Signals received at the cell surface are transmitted in a cascade from one protein to another. These information pathways map how different cell functions such as digestion, respiration, excretion, nerve activity and cell mobility are activated and controlled.
MUC1 is known to suppress the killing activity of target cells by natural killer(NK) cells, lymphokine-activated killer(LAK) cells, and cytotoxic T cells(CTL), probably due to the rod-like molecule that sticks out from its cell surface.
In this regard, the term"selectable form" will be understood to mean that the cells express a marker(e.g., a cell surface marker) permitting selection of the STRO-l+ cells..
The use of living cells for antibody screening ensures that antibodies accurately recognizing the native conformation of proteins on the cell surface can be identified from a massive library of antibodies.
Thus, extrusion of hyaluronan onto the cell surface at mitosis would create a hydrated micro-environment that promotes partial detachment and rounding of the dividing cells..
In the parent cells, most of the newly synthesized viral HA and NA was localized to the cell surface, but most of the newly synthesized viral NP remained in the nucleus.
Embedded on the surface of cells, G-protein coupled receptors are so complicated that the study of their signaling pathways has already yielded a half dozen Nobel Prizes for figuring out various parts of the picture.
Agents of the immune system are constantly checking the surfaces of cells for chemical signals that say they belong, but cancer cells express the same chemical signals as healthy ones.
Cholera toxin, shown here from PDB entry 1xtc, has a ring of five identical protein chains, colored blue here, which binds to carbohydrates on the surface of cells.
タンパク質全体の中で橙の鎖は細胞膜を越えて下の方に延び、タンパク質を細胞表面に付着させている。
In the whole protein, the orange chain extends down and crosses the cell membrane at the bottom, attaching the protein to thesurface of the cell.
Certain instruments can even take digital images of individual cells, allowing for the analysis of fluorescent signal location within or on the surface of cells.
This prevented double-exon splicing and facilitated the inclusion of CD44 exons 11 and 12, which promoted the accumulation of the antifibrotic CD44 isoform CD44v7/8 at the cell surface.
D2 encodes an imperfect leucine zipper, and has been shown to permit binding of cell surface RHAMM to fibronectin in the extracellular matrix, an interaction that is required for the formation of podosomes, enhancement of cell motility, and release of metalloproteinases.6.
Theoretically, if hyaluronan molecules of high enough density were tethered at the cell surface, they would form an extended array or"brush" that would protrude outwards from the cell surface and form a continuous network via self-interactions; this arrangement may then be sufficient to form such a matrix.
We found that, although both molecules signal through the cell surface protein Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), they stimulated the expression of different genes, resulting in specific pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular states for each signal.
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