Ageing's effects are transmitted through three channels: shrinking labour force, reduced household savings, and increased government pension and health expenditures.
更高的不确定性可能是原因之一,这反映在2018年期间家庭储蓄率的上升上。
Higher uncertainty may have played a role, as reflected in the rise in the household saving rate over the course of 2018.
However, increased access of households to credit has meant that consumer spending can increase, even with stagnant incomes, as(rising) levels of indebtedness substitute for(falling) household savings.
These are financing and targeting by income segments, applying principles of redistribution and equity, incremental improvement, promoting household savings and the mobilization of private funding to the sector.
微型企业和中小企业需要有自己的信贷机制,因为它们的最初资本来自家庭储蓄,这不足以保证持续的增长。
Micro enterprises and SMEs needed to have their own credit mechanisms, as their initial capital came from family savings and was not sufficient to ensure continued growth.
Most countries have introduced some form of forced savings(such as compulsory contribution to pension and provident funds) and provide tax incentives to stimulate long-term household savings.
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