Research and development gets special attention as a policy instrument, which is unusual, and the relationships between R&D and market-based instruments is a focus.
Target 17- By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
Taxation of energy-dense foods(EDFs) and sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs) is increasingly of interest as a novel public health and fiscal policy instrument.
However, key technical, organizational, and conceptual scientific barriers have prevented the identification of policy levers for sustainability and transformative action.
However, for China, any combination of policy tools will need to take into account the reality that food security policy also contains elements of social policy, where there is a desire to ensure adequate income levels and employment for rural farmers.
On the first difference, the forward guidance adopted by the Federal Reserve, the ECB, and the BOJ is used deliberately as an accommodative monetary policy tool aimed at generating downward pressure on long-term interest rates, whereas this is not necessarily the case with regard to the BOE.
Compared with other policy tools, it will likely take considerable time for monetary policy to be normalized with the unwinding of QQE. Therefore, it is important to implement QQE in a forward-looking manner while fully taking into consideration the manifestation of its medium- to long-term effects.
In light of the heightened volatility of international capital flows since last year, we welcomed the ongoing works vigorously undertaken by the G20 to review policy tools and frameworks to address challenges arising from capital flows, especially in emerging markets.
Yield curve control" and the"inflation-overshooting commitment," have been discussed within academia and in other fora. The Bank is the first in the world to introduce them as actual policy tools.
We emphasise the considerable progress made towards transforming shadow banking into resilient market based finance since the financial crisis and welcome the FSB assessment of the monitoring and policy tools available to address risks from shadow banking.
We recognize that to achieve strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth in the region, will require using all available policy tools(monetary, fiscal and structural), individually and collectively.
Shibamoto(2016b) shows through empirical analysis that communication with the markets has an effect separate from the effect of policy tools themselves, stressing the importance of such communication in accurately conveying a central bank's intentions.
Against this backdrop, we reiterate our commitment to international economic and financial cooperation and we remain determined to use all policy tools- monetary, fiscal and structural- individually and collectively to achieve our goal of strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth.
日本語
中文
عربى
Български
বাংলা
Český
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Suomi
Français
עִברִית
हिंदी
Hrvatski
Magyar
Bahasa indonesia
Italiano
Қазақ
한국어
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa malay
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenský
Slovenski
Српски
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Tagalog
Turkce
Українська
اردو
Tiếng việt