Examples of using Borrowing countries in English and their translations into Arabic
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should be signalled more clearly and consistently to provide increased incentives for borrowing countries to implement more timely adjustment policies, for prudent risk taking by private creditors and for safeguarding the Fund ' s credibility.
increased attention is being paid to designing more flexible external debt instruments, which may help borrowing countries develop more desirable debt structures.
Fund is more simply seen as a pool of currencies, with the Fund paying interest to countries whose currency deposits in the Fund have been lent to the borrowing countries.
Although there may have been a rationale for such disproportionate voting arrangements and undemocratic management selection procedures within these institutions at the time of their foundation, it is difficult to defend them today- particularly when both institutions press borrowing countries to improve their own governance via conditions on their lending.".
This expansion can be seen, for instance, in the increasing numbers of" performance criteria" on which the provision of loans are made conditional: in a sample of 25 countries, there were about 6 measures in the 1970s, 10 in the 1980s and around 26 measures in the 1990s.45 The increase in conditionalities has significantly broadened the oversight of the institutions within the borrowing countries beyond the regular monitoring of specific macroeconomic policy targets in the context of a crisis, or of specific project loans.
New debt instruments, according to some speakers, could be used to reduce the probability of future problems: the developments of domestic currency bond markets in borrowing countries could provide a cushion against the adverse effects of the reversal of capital flows and banking crises; and issuance of gross domestic product(GDP)-indexed bonds-- which implied a bond with an interest coupon directly linked to the rate of GDP growth of the issuing country-- could alleviate payments in difficult times.
They also monitor various aspects of the internal economic conditions of a borrowing country.
This has been matched by external cofinancing of USD 4.5 billion and by borrowing country contributions of USD 5.5 billion.
For example, a borrowing country ' s" ownership" of its economic policy was strongly associated with the success of structural adjustment programmes.
In other cases, the borrowing country first needs to negotiate an agreed set of policy adjustments as conditions for the use of multilateral resources.
The World Bank is changing its way of doing business, from a more supply- driven approach to supporting the borrowing country ' s agenda.
The Bank now explicitly considers in its lending decisions the extent to which the quality of governance and the magnitude of corruption affect a borrowing country ' s economy.
A truth less well known is that an established capacity of the Government to manage debt should become almost an obligation for any borrowing country.
maturities that were too short in relation to the borrowing country ' s debt-servicing capacity.
Assess, with the cooperation of NGOs and local and national peoples ' movements and networks, the impact that required policy reforms will have on the borrowing country, as they interact with current or potential trade obligations
The Bank maintains a double standard because it prohibits financing for projects that would contravene a borrowing country ' s obligations under international environmental agreements but not its obligations under human rights treaties(see the Bank ' s operational policy on environmental assessments).
should it insist on macroeconomic policy adjustments when payment imbalances are due to temporary external shocks beyond the control of the borrowing country.
the maximum loss they could expect is limited to 60% of their investment. This level of protection would induce them to invest their money only if the borrowing country offered a reasonable, limited interest-rate premium over safe assets.
This would reduce the number of borrowing countries to about 40.
Furthermore, different conditionality approaches make these institutions attractive to borrowing countries.
