The member raised as negative effects of the quantitative easing policy a delay in nonviable firms' exit from the market and in financial institutions addressing the NPL problem, and also noted that the functioning of the money market mechanism had been weakened.
In response to this, one member said that resolution of the NPL problem was essential for the Japanese economy, but if it took a long time, it was vital that the Bank continued quantitative easing measures to secure financial market stability.
But I think that the current weak demand cannot be fully explained by the zero interest rate constraint and the NPL problem and there remain some kind of residual factors which should be explained as weakening sentiment.
Many members said that the measures had been effective in securing the stability of financial markets and preventing the economy from falling into a deflationary spiral. However, they had not had sufficient stimulative effects on the economy due to the zero bound constraint on interest rates and the NPL problem.
In Europe, domestic demand continued to pick up, supported by improved employment conditions and low interest rates, despite an increase in uncertainty stemming from the UK's vote to leave the EU and NPL problems in Southern European countries.
What I wanted to emphasize most in today's speech is that, for our economy to realize autonomous and sustainable growth, we should not be complacent about the cyclical improvement of the economy but seriously tackle resolution of the NPL problem and structural reform of the economy.
Regarding the financial intermediary function of financial institutions, one member said that monetary easing effects were frequently described as unlikely to spread outside the financial system due to the NPL problem, and that this explanation was right for the medium to long term but might be simplistic to apply for the short term.
During that period, people came to have the prospect of resolving banks' nonperforming loan problem and financial system instability. With the tailwind of a strong recovery in overseas economies, Japanese firms made progress to resolve the"three excesses," namely, the excesses in employment, capital stock, and debt.
Today, I will first review developments in monetary policy since November 1999 when I addressed this institute and then give my assessment of the recent economic environment before discussing, the problems with current monetary policy and market operations, monetary policy measures that I believe should be taken, and the nonperforming loan problem in that order.
To begin with, if we look into the causes of Japan's price declines, various factors have had an effect at each point in time. To name several, these were an adjustment of excess capacity and employment after the bubble period, low-priced imports from emerging economies and firms' low-price strategies, financial institutions' nonperforming loan problems and financial system uneasiness, and an excessive appreciation of the yen.
Therefore, although it may take time, I strongly hope that serious deliberationwill continue in the Diet, and that the fiscal 1996 budget and the jusen-relatedbills will be passed smoothly with the public's support for the measures for resolvingnot only the jusen issue but also the nonperforming-asset problem as awhole.
Based on the above discussions, some members' view on the conduct of monetary policy in the near future was as follows: it was necessary to(1) continue providing ample funds for a while to stabilize the financial markets and ensure permeation of the effects of monetary easing, and(2) examine ways in which the central bank could support the Government's efforts to advance structural reforms and to solve the NPL problem.
Cautiousness on the part of the market participants reflects the fact that theyare strongly aware of the following three issues:(1) effects of the anticipated fiscaltightening in the next fiscal year;(2) structural adjustment pressures facing theJapanese industries; and(3) balance-sheet adjustment of firms and the nonperforming-loan problem of financial institutions, both of which are burdens created by the economic"bubble" and its burst.
国有企業の不良債権問題も抱えている。
There are also bad debts of State-owned enterprises.
過剰債務・不良債権問題は長期にわたって中国経済の下振れリスクとしてくすぶり続けよう。
The problem of excess liabilities and bad loans is likely to persist over the long term as a downside risk for the Chinese economy.
所得格差や環境汚染も大きな問題ながら、筆者は過剰債務・不良債権問題に最も注目している。
While income disparities and environmental pollution are serious issues, I pay the most attention to the problem of excess liabilities and bad loans.
実際、インセンティブの問題は、例えば、わが国銀行の不良債権問題処理の過程にも、影響を与えました。
For example, incentives influenced the course taken by Japanese banks in dealing with the problem of non-performing loans.
財界の癌」(不良債権問題)の整理の先送りが1920年代の長期不況とデフレの主要因となった。
(1) Neglecting the"cancer of the business community"(nonperforming loans) was a major cause of the protracted economic slowdown and deflation of the 1920s.
The nonperforming-loan(NPL) problem that has plagued Japan's economy for so long has by and large been resolved, and the stability of the Japanese financial system has been restored.
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