英語 での The direct effects の使用例とその 日本語 への翻訳
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On the inflation front, the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI(excluding fresh food), which was minus 0.5 percent when QQE was introduced, as of May this year has risen to plus 1.4 percent excluding the direct effects of the consumption tax hike.
Excluding the direct effects of the consumption tax hike on prices, the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI is expected to hover around 0 percent for the time being and start rising gradually thereafter reflecting the improvement in overall economic activity, such as increases in corporate profits and employment as well as a pickup in wages.
However, in terms of the year-on-year rate of increase in the CPI excluding fresh food stripping out the direct effects of the consumption tax hike, inflation has slowed since last summer due mainly to the substantial decline in crude oil prices and registered 0.2 percent in January Chart 8.
With this mechanism operating, the inflation rate-- specifically, in terms of the median of the Policy Board members' forecasts for the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI(all items less fresh food)-- is projected to rise to around 1.8 percent through fiscal 2019, excluding the direct effects of the consumption tax hike Chart 4.
Of course, the tax hike also indirectly affects the inflation rate and inflation expectations through the real economy. But since it is technically difficult to remove these indirect effects of the tax hike, it should be noted that the Bank is removing only the direct effects for the sake of simplicity.
Looking at developments in the year-on-year rate of change in the CPI(all items less fresh food), or the core inflation rate in Japan, it had hit a bottom of minus 0.5 percent immediately before the introduction of QQE, and thereafter, excluding the direct effects of the consumption tax hike, followed a steady rising trend until it reached 1.5 percent in April 2014.
Railways came to undergo the age of stagnation that is still continuing until today. In chapter five,"The Direct Effects of Railways and Commodity Flow", the author estimated the decrease in time and cost of transport by using the time-distance maps, and examined the transport situation of rice, pigs, and timbers that were the main commodities conveyed by railways.
Some members said that the yen was not appreciating against the euro and, in terms of its effective exchange rate, the rate of increase was not as fast as against the U.S. dollar. These members said that the direct effects of the appreciation of the yen on Japanese firms' business performance were not large so far, because of the recovery of the world economy, further improvement in firms' profitability, and the increase in overseas production.
The direct effect is more significant than the indirect effect. .
The direct effect is not very large.
Of course, there was the direct effect of the collapse of the bubble.
API also refers to the active or central ingredient in the product which causes the direct effect on the disease diagnosis, prevention, treatment or cure.
It can be said that the direct effect of lower interest rates was income transfer from households to corporations.
The direct effect is that France moves from a progressive taxation(between 14 and 45 percent) to a fixed taxation of 19 percent.
For you, the direct effect would be the rapid abandoning of many certitudes and beliefs.