Examples of using Decabde in English and their translations into Arabic
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Colloquial
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Political
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Ecclesiastic
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Ecclesiastic
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Computer
Depending on the experimental conditions used for testing, environmental half-lives of decaBDE in sediment are reported to range from hours to months and even years in the literature(ECHA 2012 a; and references therein).
Rodent studies have for example demonstrated that decaBDE may act as an endocrine disruptor of the thyroid hormone system(see e.g. Dingemans et al.2011,
The weight of evidence of available toxicity data shows that decaBDE alone and/ or in concert with its debromination products have the potential to damage human health and/or the environment.
Several assessments have concluded that there is a high probability that decaBDE is transformed in the environment
Adding to the above concern is that decaBDE is widespread in the global environment and in biota and the potential of biomagnification of decaBDE has been shown to be important in several food webs.
showed that long-term chronic exposure to low doses of decaBDE can have adverse effects on reproductive performance in fish and the behaviour in their offspring.
More specifically, controlled feeding studies with fathead minnows conducted at environmentally relevant concentrations have shown that decaBDE may interfere with thyroid hormone system in juvenile fish(Noyes and Stapleton 2010, Noyes et al. 2011).
Walker et al. 2007), is said to increase the sensitivity to adverse effects from thyroid-disrupting chemicals such as decaBDE(Dingemans et al. 2011).
Data on adverse effects resulting from decaBDE exposure in mammals is also underpinned by in vitro studies, which provides evidence that decaBDE induces similar cellular effects as other PBDEs(Health Canada 2012).
Based on measurements of otolith increment widths there are also indications that decaBDE may affect growth rates in fish at environmentally relevant range of decaBDE exposure levels found in sediment(Kuo et al. 2010b).
BDE-209(or decaBDE), the main constituent of c-decaBDE is persistent in the environment and bioaccumulates and biomagnifies in fish, birds and mammals.
OctaBDE, NonaBDE and DecaBDE congeners were subject to analysis by the researchers,
However, there is some indication that DecaBDE can cause behavioural disturbances in mice when they are exposed at a sensitive stage of brain development(possibly via a metabolite).
In textile applications, decaBDE is used in contract textiles, mainly for public buildings and transport and in domestic furniture textiles in countries with stringent fire safety regulations(BSEF 2013).
Terrestrial feeding birds appear to exhibit elevated decaBDE levels in comparison to birds preying on fish, and may hence be at greater risk of experiencing adverse effects(Chen and Hale 2010).
Based on the existing data decaBDE can be considered to meet the screening criteria in Annex D for persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range transport and adverse effects under the Stockholm Convention.
Tomy et al., 2004), and more recently suggested for the DecaBDE(Law et al., 2006).
In addition almost all of the studies with no findings of biomagnification potential of decaBDE in fish and mammals have been based on detected levels of decaBDE in muscles or adipose tissue and/or have been lipid normalised.
decaBDE(Su et al. 2007, Möller et al. 2011, Breivik et al. 2006), but atmospheric particle transport is believed to be the main mechanism behind the long-range environmental transport of decaBDE.
The available scientific literature provides no evidence of adverse effects to plants, but demonstrates that debromination products are detected in plants and soil following decaBDE exposure(ECHA 2012 a).