英語 での Lineages の使用例とその 日本語 への翻訳
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Unlike the UPGMA algorithm for tree reconstruction, neighbor joining does not assume that all lineages evolve at the same rate(molecular clock hypothesis) and produces an unrooted tree.
Genetic research conducted after 1945 has demonstrated that the differences between the various human lineages are far smaller than the Nazis postulated.
Krug and David Jablonski analyzed the fossil record of mollusks for the last 200 million years, finding that mass extinctions don't just remove evolutionary lineages, they exert a long-term influence on evolutionary rates among the survivors.
With a technique called divergence time analysis, scientists can use DNA to estimate when two evolutionary lineages split off from each other based on the genetic differences they have built up.
These analyses showed that the most recent common ancestor of all living birds, and all bird lineages that crossed the end-Cretaceous boundary, were likely ground-dwelling,” Field says.
Meanwhile, Dr. Cooper, as a pediatrician, noticed apparent differences in the clinical manifestations among patients suffering from primary immunodeficiencies, leading him to hypothesize the existence of functionally different cell lineages in the adaptive immune system.
He also demonstrated that mouse lymphocytes can be separated into two developmentally and functionally distinct lineages that were later called T and B lymphocytes, and that in mammals, T lymphocytes are produced by the thymus.
Ignorance of dynamics, both bottom-up and top-down induced, translates into the discovery of high proportions of particular lineages in freshwater bacterioplankton but this may not imply that these bacterial groups grow rapidly or play an important role in carbon flow to higher trophic levels.
Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modem humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.
The genetically diverse nature of each genus is likely an important reason for their successful colonization of vast tracts of the world's oceans, a feature that has led to detailed analysis of the distribution of these genetic lineages at the local and ocean basin scale.
Tracking the lineages provides a picture of how small tribes of modern humans in Africa tens of thousands of years ago diversified and spread to populate the world.
Dysplasia involving one or more myeloid lineages or, if myelodysplasia is absent or minimal, either an acquired clonal cytogenetic bone marrow abnormality or at least 3 months of persistent peripheral blood monocytosis, if all other causes are ruled out.
The authors identified five major mitochondrial DNA lineages that originated from a common ancestor approximately 451,000 years ago and dispersed across Europe, suggesting that cave bear distribution was more complex than previously assumed.
He conducted prosopographical research to reveal networks(masters and disciples or intellectual lineages) of Ulama(Islamic scholars) between the Middle East and Malay/Indonesian world in the 17th and 18th centuries, based on contemporary documentations and data in Arabic.
They identified five major mitochondrial DNA lineages that originated from a common ancestor around 451,000 years ago and spread across Europe- indicating cave bear distribution was more complex than previously thought.
Each of the original Essene 12 Tribe lineages were seeded through the planetary stargate system, and helped to embody specific DNA coding that was to be initiated, accreted and integrated throughout the planetary grid network to gradually support spiritual ascension.
The ability to visualize individual neurons in their entirety and in relation to each other in the same preparation makes it possible to address questions about the brain's anatomy and about how cellular lineages contribute to neural circuits.
The nominated property comprises representative four regions of the Central and South Ryukyus which are home to particularly large number of endemic species and subspecies of various organisms. By examining them collectively, we can understand the ongoing processes of speciation and diversification of evolutionary lineages that reflect the geological history of the entire Ryukyu Chain.
In addition, four(0.3%) influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses displayed some reduction in inhibition by oseltamivir, and two influenza B viruses(0.4%) from different lineages had the amino acid substitution H273Y and displayed highly reduced inhibition by peramivir.
To put this in some perspective, such an old date would imply that the New World and Old World monkey lineages, which we know are not early branches in the primate tree, are actually about 50 million years older than the earliest known primate fossils of any kind.