Similar to the German Rectal Cancer Study, there was no significant difference in OS between treatment arms(74.5% for preoperative chemoradiation therapy vs. 65.6% for postoperative chemoradiation therapy; P=. 065).
Important papers on low-dose radiation cancer risk: a significant increase in cancer at 10 mSv- Cancer risk significantly rises at dosage of 10- 40 mSV: Research by McGill team(Google translation).
The significance level(denoted by alpha or α) is the maximum acceptable level of risk for rejecting the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is true(type I error).
While there's no significant difference in short-term outcomes between the different treatments, laser surgery is associated with more post-operative pain and a slower recovery, and the use of medical foam is likely to cause more inflammation.
The significance level is a threshold specified by the user and is a trade-off between the tolerance for false positives and the number of visitors that have to be included in the test.
The returned value of p indicates that kruskalwallis rejects the null hypothesis that all three data samples come from the same distribution at a 1% significance level.
In our case, it clearly appears, when looking at the p-values, that the series if significantly different from a white noise at a significance level of 0.05.
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