英語 での Nominal interest rates の使用例とその 日本語 への翻訳
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Economists believe that in Japan's case nominal interest rates of -4 per cent might be required to"rescue" the economy from deflation.
Under deflation, prices decline across the board and nominal interest rates fall accordingly.
Therefore, intrinsically, if the real economy and prices improve and inflation expectations increase, nominal interest rates will rise.
If expected real rates of return on fixed investment had been sufficiently high, extremely low nominal interest rates could have been still attractive for businesses.
That is, if the Bank can contain nominal interest rates through massive asset purchases while raising expected rates of inflation, it can lower real interest rates. .
In other words, without reducing nominal interest rates to negative territory as in Japan, sufficient monetary easing effects can be obtained in the United States while alleviating impacts on financial institutions of low interest rates. .
However, the basic approach of lowering nominal interest rates across the entire yield curve and lowering real interest rates by raising inflation expectations has remained unchanged.
However, I think it is of notable significance that the long-held belief that nominal interest rates cannot be negative was overturned, and that the idea evolved into an actual policy option.
In the case of central banks in the United States and Europe, as inflation expectations have already been anchored at the price stability target, they have no choice but to reduce nominal interest rates in order to lower real interest rates. .
First of all, the Bank's ample provision of liquidity to the private sector through the purchases of JGBs and other assets will lower nominal interest rates.
Once nominal interest rates decline to zero, there will be no room left for monetary policy to affect aggregate demand or the level of prices by lowering nominal interest rates and, consequently, real interest rates. .
Nominal interest rates and even actual funding rates of firms, such as real interest rates on corporate bonds adjusted using inflation expectations, are lower in Japan compared to those in the United States and Europe Chart 15.
By raising inflation expectations while containing a rise in nominal interest rates, we would be able to lower real interest rates, which affect decision-making with respect to business fixed investment and private consumption.
In other words, unlike nominal interest rates, it is not necessarily the case that real interest rates in Japan are significantly lower than those in the United States.
In a situation where nominal interest rates on lending are on a decreasing trend, but deposit rates cannot fall below zero, banks' profits are squeezed through a reduction in net interest income.
As prices rise, nominal interest rates will eventually also rise.13 Therefore, in order to raise interest rates, it is necessary to continue with bold monetary easing and achieve the 2 percent price stability target.
This Economic Commentary explains the concerns that are associated with the combination of deflation, low economic activity, and zero nominal interest rates and describes how monetary policy might be conducted in such a situation.
Since nominal interest rates, which can be controlled by the central bank, never fall below zero, room for further monetary easing would be limited if conditions worsened.
On the other hand, while short-term nominal interest rates are close to zero percent, one can generate the effect of restraining the rise in long-term nominal rates by massively purchasing JGBs.
Downward pressure on long-term real interest rates could be exerted either through downward pressure on nominal interest rates by lowering term premiums or through downward pressure on real interest rates by increasing medium- to long-term inflation expectations.